References

A combination of publicly available databases and peer-reviewed articles were used in the programming of this statistical model. Below are the references. Don’t hesitate to reach out to [email protected] if you have suggestions for improving the model.

All Causes

  • ENLACE: Data Portal on Noncommunicable Diseases, Mental Health, and External Causes: https://www.paho.org/en/enlace
  • Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) > State Health Facts > Health Status: https://www.kff.org/state-category/health-status/
  • Acciai F, Noah AJ, Firebaugh G. Pinpointing the sources of the Asian mortality advantage in the USA. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 Oct;69(10):1006-11. doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-205623. Epub 2015 Jun 1. PMID: 26034046; PMCID: PMC4567918.
  • Hastings KG, Jose PO, Kapphahn KI, Frank ATH, Goldstein BA, Thompson CA, et al. (2015) Leading Causes of Death among Asian American Subgroups (2003–2011). PLoS ONE 10(4): e0124341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124341
  • Stringhini S, Carmeli C, Jokela M, Avendaño M, Muennig P, Guida F, Ricceri F, d’Errico A, Barros H, Bochud M, Chadeau-Hyam M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Costa G, Delpierre C, Fraga S, Goldberg M, Giles GG, Krogh V, Kelly-Irving M, Layte R, Lasserre AM, Marmot MG, Preisig M, Shipley MJ, Vollenweider P, Zins M, Kawachi I, Steptoe A, Mackenbach JP, Vineis P, Kivimäki M; LIFEPATH consortium. Socioeconomic status and the 25 × 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1·7 million men and women. Lancet. 2017 Mar 25;389(10075):1229-1237. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32380-7.
  • Brita Roy et al. “Education, Race/Ethnicity, and Causes of Premature Mortality Among Middle-Aged Adults in 4 US Urban Communities: Results From CARDIA, 1985–2017”, American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): pp. 530-536. doi: PMID: 32078342
  • Esser MB, Sherk A, Liu Y, et al. Deaths and Years of Potential Life Lost From Excessive Alcohol Use — United States, 2011–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:981–987. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6930a1
  • Nontarak J, Geater AF, Assanangkornchai S, Aekplakorn W. Expected Years Of Life Lost Due To Alcohol Consumption In Thai Adults: A 16-Year Follow-Up Cohort Of National Health Examination Survey 2004-2019. Alcohol Alcohol. 2022 Jul 9;57(4):490-499. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agab075. PMID: 34871346.
  • Shaw M, Mitchell R, Dorling D. Time for a smoke? One cigarette reduces your life by 11 minutes. BMJ. 2000 Jan 1;320(7226):53. doi: PMID: 10617536; PMCID: PMC1117323.
  • Reimers CD, Knapp G, Reimers AK. Does physical activity increase life expectancy? A review of the literature. J Aging Res. 2012;2012:243958. doi: 10.1155/2012/243958. Epub 2012 Jul 1. PMID: 22811911; PMCID: PMC3395188.
  • Krishnan Bhaskaran, Isabel dos-Santos-Silva, David A Leon, Ian J Douglas, Liam Smeeth. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3·6 million adults in the UK. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, ISSN: 2213-8587, Vol: 6, Issue: 12, 2018, Page: 944-953. ISSN 2213-8587, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30288-2.
  • Feary JR, Rodrigues LC, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Gibson JE. Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax. 2010 Nov;65(11):956-62. doi: 10.1136/thx.2009.128082. Epub 2010 Sep 25. PMID: 20871122.
  • Yang, P., Zheng, Y., Chen, J. et al. Immediate risk of non-cancer deaths after a cancer diagnosis. BMC Cancer 21, 963 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08707-6

Cardiovascular Diseases

Stoke

Cancer

COVID-19

  • Peckham, H., de Gruijter, N.M., Raine, C. et al. Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nat Commun 11, 6317 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6
  • Moran DP, Pires SM, Wyper GMA, Devleesschauwer B, Cuschieri S and Kabir Z (2022) Estimating the Direct Disability-Adjusted Life Years Associated With SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in the Republic of Ireland: The First Full Year. Int J Public Health 67:1604699. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604699
  • Kumari P, Kumar A, Sinha C, Kumar A. COVID-19 Pandemic Prompts Changes to Pain and Palliative Care at Home. Indian J Palliat Care. 2020 Jun;26(Suppl 1):S180-S181. doi: 10.4103/IJPC.IJPC_178_20. Epub 2020 Jun 30. PMID: 33088118; PMCID: PMC7535014.
  • Mamelund SE, Shelley-Egan C, Rogeberg O. The association between socioeconomic status and pandemic influenza: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 7;16(9):e0244346. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244346. PMID: 34492018; PMCID: PMC8423272.
  • Simet SM, Sisson JH. Alcohol’s Effects on Lung Health and Immunity. Alcohol Res. 2015;37(2):199-208. PMID: 26695745; PMCID: PMC4590617.: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590617/
  • Clift AK, von Ende A, Tan PS, et al. Smoking and COVID-19 outcomes: an observational and Mendelian randomisation study using the UK Biobank cohort. Thorax 2022;77:65-73.: https://thorax.bmj.com/content/77/1/65
  • Ezzatvar Y, Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M, et al
  • Physical activity and risk of infection, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review and non-linear dose–response meta-analysis of data from 1 853 610 adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2022;56:1188-1193. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-105733
  • Lee SW, Lee J, Moon SY, Jin HY, Yang JM, Ogino S, Song M, Hong SH, Abou Ghayda R, Kronbichler A, Koyanagi A, Jacob L, Dragioti E, Smith L, Giovannucci E, Lee IM, Lee DH, Lee KH, Shin YH, Kim SY, Kim MS, Won HH, Ekelund U, Shin JI, Yon DK. Physical activity and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 related mortality in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2022 Aug;56(16):901-912. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104203. Epub 2021 Jul 22. PMID: 34301715; PMCID: PMC8300550.
  • Min Gao, Carmen Piernas, Nerys M Astbury, Julia Hippisley-Cox, Stephen O’Rahilly, Paul Aveyard, Susan A Jebb. Associations between body-mass index and COVID-19 severity in 6·9 million people in England: a prospective, community-based, cohort study. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Volume 9, Issue 6. 2021. Pages 350-359. ISSN 2213-8587. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00089-9.
  • Sheppard JP, Nicholson BD, Lee J, McGagh D, Sherlock J, Koshiaris C, Oke J, Jones NR, Hinton W, Armitage L, Van Hecke O, Lay-Flurrie S, Bankhead CR, Liyanage H, Williams J, Ferreira F, Feher MD, Ashworth AJ, Joy MP, de Lusignan S, Hobbs FDR. Association Between Blood Pressure Control and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes in 45 418 Symptomatic Patients With Hypertension: An Observational Cohort Study. Hypertension. 2021 Mar 3;77(3):846-855. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16472. Epub 2020 Dec 16. PMID: 33325240; PMCID: PMC7884248.

Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Fischer C, Yeung E, Hansen T, Gibbons S, Fornazzari L, Ringer L, Schweizer TA. Impact of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of dementia in an inner city memory disorders clinic. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009 Dec;21(6):1096-104. doi: 10.1017/S1041610209990846. Epub 2009 Aug 28. PMID: 19712540.
  • Niu, Huikun MD; Qu, Yangming MD; Li, Zhijun MD; Wang, Rui MD; Li, Lu MD; Li, Meiqi MD; Lv, Xin MD; Gao, Chunshi MD; Song, Yuanyuan MD; Li, Bo PhD. Smoking and Risk for Alzheimer Disease: A Meta-Analysis Based on Both Case-Control and Cohort Study. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 206(9):p 680-685, September 2018. | DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000859
  • Ihira H, Sawada N, Inoue M, et al. Association Between Physical Activity and Risk of Disabling Dementia in Japan. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(3):e224590. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.4590
  • Rahmani J, Roudsari AH, Bawadi H, Clark C, Ryan PM, Salehisahlabadi A, Rahimi Sakak F, Goodarzi N, Razaz JM. Body mass index and risk of Parkinson, Alzheimer, Dementia, and Dementia mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies among 5 million participants. Nutr Neurosci. 2022 Mar;25(3):423-431. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1758888. Epub 2020 Oct 27. PMID: 33107811.
  • Power MC, Weuve J, Gagne JJ, McQueen MB, Viswanathan A, Blacker D. The association between blood pressure and incident Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2011 Sep;22(5):646-59. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31822708b5. PMID: 21705906; PMCID: PMC3640480.
  • Mielke MM, Zandi PP, Shao H, Waern M, Östling S, Guo X, Björkelund C, Lissner L, Skoog I, Gustafson DR. The 32-year relationship between cholesterol and dementia from midlife to late life. Neurology. 2010 Nov 23;75(21):1888-95. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181feb2bf. Epub 2010 Nov 10. PMID: 21068429; PMCID: PMC2995387.
  • Cannon-Albright LA, Foster NL, Schliep K, Farnham JM, Teerlink CC, Kaddas H, Tschanz J, Corcoran C, Kauwe JSK. Relative risk for Alzheimer disease based on complete family history. Neurology. 2019 Apr 9;92(15):e1745-e1753. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000007231. Epub 2019 Mar 13. PMID: 30867271; PMCID: PMC6511086.

Chronic lower respiratory diseases

Diabetes

  • Saydah S, Lochner K. Socioeconomic status and risk of diabetes-related mortality in the U.S. Public Health Rep. 2010 May-Jun;125(3):377-88. doi: 10.1177/003335491012500306. PMID: 20433032; PMCID: PMC2848262.
  • Pan A, Wang Y, Talaei M, Hu FB. Relation of Smoking With Total Mortality and Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Circulation. 2015 Nov 10;132(19):1795-804. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017926. Epub 2015 Aug 26. PMID: 26311724; PMCID: PMC4643392.
  • Heidi Tikkanen-Dolenc, Johan Wadén, Carol Forsblom, Valma Harjutsalo, Lena M. Thorn, Markku Saraheimo, Nina Elonen, Heikki O. Tikkanen, Per-Henrik Groop; on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group, Physical Activity Reduces Risk of Premature Mortality in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes With and Without Kidney Disease. Diabetes Care 1 December 2017; 40 (12): 1727–1732. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0615
  • Gao F, Wang ZJ, Shen H, Yang SW, Nie B, Zhou YJ. Impact of obesity on mortality in patients with diabetes: Meta-analysis of 20 studies including 250,016 patients. J Diabetes Investig. 2018 Jan;9(1):44-54. doi: 10.1111/jdi.12677. Epub 2017 Jun 8. PMID: 28593750; PMCID: PMC5754523.
  • Jung HH, Park JI, Jeong JS. Incidence of diabetes and its mortality according to body mass index in South Koreans aged 40-79 years. Clin Epidemiol. 2017 Dec 7;9:667-678. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S146860. PMID: 29263705; PMCID: PMC5724411.
  • Wise J. High blood pressure is linked to increased risk of diabetes BMJ 2015; 351 :h5167 doi: 10.1136/bmj.h5167
  • Annis AM, Caulder MS, Cook ML, Duquette D. Family history, diabetes, and other demographic and risk factors among participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Prev Chronic Dis. 2005 Apr;2(2):A19. Epub 2005 Mar 15. PMID: 15888230; PMCID: PMC1327713. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1327713/

Drug Overdose

  • Hedegaard H, Miniño AM, Spencer MR, Warner M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2020. NCHS Data Brief, no 428. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:112340

Motor Vehicle Accident

Fall

Influenza and Pneumonia

Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis (Kidney Diseases)

Suicide

Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (Liver Diseases)

  • Roerecke M, Vafaei A, Hasan OSM, Chrystoja BR, Cruz M, Lee R, Neuman MG, Rehm J. Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Oct;114(10):1574-1586. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000340. PMID: 31464740; PMCID: PMC6776700.
  • David Marti-Aguado, Ana Clemente-Sanchez, Ramon Bataller, Cigarette smoking and liver diseases, Journal of Hepatology, Volume 77, Issue 1, 2022, Pages 191-205, ISSN 0168-8278, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.016.
  • Schneider CV, Zandvakili I, Thaiss CA, Schneider KM. Physical activity is associated with reduced risk of liver disease in the prospective UK Biobank cohort. JHEP Rep. 2021 Mar 2;3(3):100263. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100263. PMID: 33898961; PMCID: PMC8056270.
  • Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Kowdley KV, Dominitz JA. Is obesity a risk factor for cirrhosis-related death or hospitalization? A population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2003 Oct;125(4):1053-9. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)01200-9. PMID: 14517789.
  • Wu SJ, Zou H, Zhu GQ, Wang LR, Zhang Q, Shi KQ, Han JB, Huang WJ, Braddock M, Chen YP, Zheng MH. Increased levels of systolic blood pressure within the normal range are associated with significantly elevated risks of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 May;94(19):e842. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000842. PMID: 25984671; PMCID: PMC4602585.
  • López-Suárez A, Guerrero JM, Elvira-González J, Beltrán-Robles M, Cañas-Hormigo F, Bascuñana-Quirell A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with blood pressure in hypertensive and nonhypertensive individuals from the general population with normal levels of alanine aminotransferase. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Nov;23(11):1011-7. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834b8d52. PMID: 21915061.
  • Martin Janičko, Eduard Veselíny, Dušan Leško, Peter Jarčuška, Serum cholesterol is a significant and independent mortality predictor in liver cirrhosis patients, Annals of Hepatology, Volume 12, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 413-419, ISSN 1665-2681, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31342-0.

Septicemia